What is the difference between a distribution network and a transmission network?

Published: Updated: Estimated reading time: 4 minutes

The distribution and transmission networks are essential components of electricity infrastructure, each serving distinct purposes in delivering electricity to consumers. Although both are vital, they differ significantly in their operations, tasks, and the technologies they employ.

History of power networks

The inception of power networks traces back to the 19th century industrial revolution. At first, electricity transmission experiments were conducted on a small scale, but the vast potential of this new energy source was soon realized. Initially, power plants were typically local, providing electricity over short distances.

However, as technological advancements unfolded and the demand for energy surged, a more systematic transmission system became imperative. In 1882, the world witnessed the inauguration of the first central power plant in New York. Just two years later, in 1884, Poland marked its entry into the realm of electricity generation with the construction of its first power plant in Białystok.

Originally, power grids were localized, serving small urban areas. However, as the number of power plants and energy demand increased, there arose a need to integrate various systems into a unified transmission network. In 1886, Germany achieved a significant milestone with the launch of the first 176-kilometer-long transmission line, connecting the power plant in Lauffen am Neckar with the city of Frankfurt am Main.

Throughout the 20th century, advancements in technology facilitated the transmission of energy over long distances, enabling the construction of more extensive transmission networks. As a result, electricity became widely accessible, and power grids emerged as vital components of infrastructure in most countries worldwide.

Distribution network – close to end recipients

The distribution network is a crucial component of the power system responsible for supplying electricity directly to end users, including households, businesses, and institutions. It represents the final stage of the electricity journey before it reaches users’ devices and equipment.

Tasks of the distribution network include:

  • Delivering energy to specific locations: The distribution network transmits electricity from the delivery point, typically a distribution substation, directly to the places where it is consumed.
  • Voltage maintenance: It ensures that the voltage of electricity remains at a level that is safe and effective for end users.
  • Division into recipient categories: The distribution network categorizes electricity into individual segments based on the needs and consumption patterns of different users.

Types of distribution network

Distribution networks are available in two variants:

  • Low voltage (LV): These networks directly supply energy to households, businesses, and other small consumers. They operate at lower voltages, ensuring safety for end users. In most countries, including Europe, low-voltage power grids deliver alternating current at a frequency of 50 Hz. The standard phase voltage is 230 V, catering to the power needs of typical households.
  • Medium voltage (MV): Medium voltage networks transmit energy from power plants or transmission stations to various areas, including residential and industrial zones. They comprise transmission lines and transformer stations to adjust voltage according to local requirements. This network operates with phase-to-phase voltages ranging from 1 kV to 60 kV.

Transmission network – long routes and high voltages

The transmission network, often referred to as the high-voltage network, is engineered to transport substantial amounts of energy over extensive distances by linking power plants to distribution points. Unlike the distribution network, the transmission network facilitates routes with high voltages and covers long distances.

Tasks of the transmission network include:

  • Transmission of large amounts of energy: It is responsible for conveying significant volumes of electricity from power plants to distribution areas.
  • Maintaining high voltages: The transmission network operates at much higher voltages compared to the distribution network, enabling efficient energy transport over long distances.
  • Efficiency optimization: Its structure is meticulously designed to optimize efficiency and minimize energy loss during prolonged transmission periods.

Types of transmission network

The transmission network is available in two variants:

  • High voltage (HV): High voltage networks transport energy over longer distances between different geographical areas, supplying energy to regions with high demand. Transformer stations within the HV network step down the voltage to a lower level before transmitting it to the medium voltage network. This network operates with phase-to-phase voltages ranging from 60 to 200 kV.
  • Extra-high voltage (EHV): This type of power transmission network operates with a potential difference between phase conductors of 200 kV or higher.

Distribution and transmission network – common goals and challenges

The distribution and transmission networks are crucial in delivering electricity, each with distinct roles in the process. Their collaboration is vital for effectively and safely supplying energy to homes, businesses, and institutions. Understanding the variances between these networks is essential for managing power infrastructure efficiently.

Both networks work together to guarantee the reliability of electricity supplies, accommodate society’s increasing energy demands, and integrate modern technologies. However, they encounter challenges amidst the evolving energy landscape, such as the advancement of renewable energy sources, digitalization, and ensuring supply reliability.

Change consents